Ozone Depletion - resources
The Montreal Protocol decreed that all countries ban the use of CFCs for use in aerosols, refrigeration and air conditioning units by 1996. On October 15, 2016, parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted the Kigali amendment to phase down production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) worldwide. HFCs are widely used alternatives to ozone depleting substances such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), already controlled under the Protocol. While HFCs themselves do not deplete the ozone layer, they are extremely potent greenhouse gases with global warming potentials that can be many times higher than carbon dioxide.
There have been recent claims that adherence to these agreements is not being observed in all countries.
- Monitoring Ozone
Cyranoski, D. (2019). China feels the heat over rogue CFC emissions. Nature, 571, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02109-2
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. (2019). Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment Australia. Retrieved from https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/ozone/montreal-protocol
Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment. (2018). The Ozone Layer. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment Australia. Retrieved from https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/ozone/ozone-science/ozone-layer
Department of State. (2019). The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. United States Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-environmental-quality-and-transboundary-issues/the-montreal-protocol-on-substances-that-deplete-the-ozone-layer/
Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Basic Ozone Layer Science. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science
European Environment Agency. (2019). Protecting the ozone layer while also preventing climate change. European Environment Agency. Retrieved from https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/ozone-depleting-substances-and-climate-change/protecting-the-ozone-layer-while
Gray, E., & Stein, T. (2019). 2019 Ozone Hole is the Smallest on Record Since Its Discovery. NASA. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/2019-ozone-hole-is-the-smallest-on-record-since-its-discovery
Guina, A. (2019). Banned Ozone-Destroying Gases Are Coming From China. Time Magazine Online. Retrieved from https://time.com/5594194/banned-cfc-ozone-china/
McGrath, M. (2019). Ozone layer: Banned CFCs traced to China say scientists. BBC News Online. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48353341
NASA. (2011). Why Ozone Monitoring Still Matters. NASA: What On Earth. Retrieved from https://blogs.nasa.gov/whatonearth/2011/11/08/post_1320691744032/
New Scientist. (2019). Ozone hole recovery will probably be delayed by banned gas from China. New Scientist Online: Environment. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2227968-ozone-hole-recovery-will-probably-be-delayed-by-banned-gas-from-china/
Nunez, C. (2019). The facts about ozone depletion. National Geographic Online. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/ozone-depletion/
Rigby, M., Park, S., Saito, T. et. al. (2109). Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations. Nature, 569. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1193-4. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1193-4
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Ozone Layer. Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/ozone-layer
Salleh, A. (2019). China identified as mystery source of banned ozone-depleting gas. ABC News Online Australia. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-05-23/mystery-ozone-depleting-gas-tracked-to-china/11137546
Sneed, A. (2018). Wait - the Ozone Layer Is Still Declining? Scientific American Online. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wait-the-ozone-layer-is-still-declining1/
United Nations Environment. (2019). About Montreal Protocol. United Nations Environment. Ozonaction. Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol
United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). Kigali Amendment implementation begins. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved from https://ozone.unep.org/kigali-amendment-implementation-begins
United Nations Environment. (2017). Increased research and observation crucial to efforts to continue to protect the ozone layer and climate. United Nations Environment. Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/increased-research-and-observation-crucial-efforts-continue-protect
US National Library of Medicine. (2019). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Your Environment, Your Health. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/chemicals-and-contaminants/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs
World Meteorological Organization. (2017). Increased research and observation crucial to efforts to continue to protect the ozone layer and climate. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved from https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/increased-research-and-observation-crucial-efforts-continue-protect-ozone-layer
Wuebbles, D. (2020). Ozone depletion. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/ozone-depletion/Ozone-layer-recovery
There have been recent claims that adherence to these agreements is not being observed in all countries.
- Monitoring Ozone
Cyranoski, D. (2019). China feels the heat over rogue CFC emissions. Nature, 571, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02109-2
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. (2019). Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment Australia. Retrieved from https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/ozone/montreal-protocol
Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment. (2018). The Ozone Layer. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment Australia. Retrieved from https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/ozone/ozone-science/ozone-layer
Department of State. (2019). The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. United States Department of State. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-environmental-quality-and-transboundary-issues/the-montreal-protocol-on-substances-that-deplete-the-ozone-layer/
Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Basic Ozone Layer Science. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/basic-ozone-layer-science
European Environment Agency. (2019). Protecting the ozone layer while also preventing climate change. European Environment Agency. Retrieved from https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/ozone-depleting-substances-and-climate-change/protecting-the-ozone-layer-while
Gray, E., & Stein, T. (2019). 2019 Ozone Hole is the Smallest on Record Since Its Discovery. NASA. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/2019-ozone-hole-is-the-smallest-on-record-since-its-discovery
Guina, A. (2019). Banned Ozone-Destroying Gases Are Coming From China. Time Magazine Online. Retrieved from https://time.com/5594194/banned-cfc-ozone-china/
McGrath, M. (2019). Ozone layer: Banned CFCs traced to China say scientists. BBC News Online. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48353341
NASA. (2011). Why Ozone Monitoring Still Matters. NASA: What On Earth. Retrieved from https://blogs.nasa.gov/whatonearth/2011/11/08/post_1320691744032/
New Scientist. (2019). Ozone hole recovery will probably be delayed by banned gas from China. New Scientist Online: Environment. Retrieved from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2227968-ozone-hole-recovery-will-probably-be-delayed-by-banned-gas-from-china/
Nunez, C. (2019). The facts about ozone depletion. National Geographic Online. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/ozone-depletion/
Rigby, M., Park, S., Saito, T. et. al. (2109). Increase in CFC-11 emissions from eastern China based on atmospheric observations. Nature, 569. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1193-4. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1193-4
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018). Ozone Layer. Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/ozone-layer
Salleh, A. (2019). China identified as mystery source of banned ozone-depleting gas. ABC News Online Australia. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2019-05-23/mystery-ozone-depleting-gas-tracked-to-china/11137546
Sneed, A. (2018). Wait - the Ozone Layer Is Still Declining? Scientific American Online. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wait-the-ozone-layer-is-still-declining1/
United Nations Environment. (2019). About Montreal Protocol. United Nations Environment. Ozonaction. Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol
United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). Kigali Amendment implementation begins. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved from https://ozone.unep.org/kigali-amendment-implementation-begins
United Nations Environment. (2017). Increased research and observation crucial to efforts to continue to protect the ozone layer and climate. United Nations Environment. Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/increased-research-and-observation-crucial-efforts-continue-protect
US National Library of Medicine. (2019). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Your Environment, Your Health. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/chemicals-and-contaminants/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs
World Meteorological Organization. (2017). Increased research and observation crucial to efforts to continue to protect the ozone layer and climate. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved from https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/increased-research-and-observation-crucial-efforts-continue-protect-ozone-layer
Wuebbles, D. (2020). Ozone depletion. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/ozone-depletion/Ozone-layer-recovery